Working Papers

Sherraden, M. S., Huang, J., & Johnson, L. (2025). Delivering financial guidance: Institutional assessment and directions for inclusion (CSD Working Paper No. 25-21). Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Johnson, L., Sherraden, M. S., Pettus, C., Miller, J., & Huang, J. (2025). Enhancing diversion success through financial capability and asset building: A framework and proposed intervention (CSD Working Paper No. 25-18). Washington University, Center for Social Development. https://doi.org/10.7936/seyw-jf60

Jabbari, J., Chun, Y., Mei, X., & Roll, S. (2025). More money for less time? Examining the relative and heterogenous financial returns to non-degree credentials and degree programs. (EdWorkingPaper No. 24-1046). Annenberg Institute at Brown University. https://doi.org/10.26300/qweg-h532

Despard, M., Fox-Dichter, S., Zheng, H., Anderson, G., Borland, O., & Gilbert, K. (2022). Financial well-being of frontline healthcare workers: The importance of employer benefits (Social Policy Institute Research Report). Washington University, Social Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.7936/64m8-v455

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) provides substantial financial support to low-income Universal basic income has gained renewed interest among policymakers and researchers in the U.S. While research indicates that unconditional cash transfers produce diverse benefits for households, public support lags in part due to the predicted unemployment and frivolous As policy-makers grapple with whether […]

Abstract We examine individuals’ decisions to attend protests during the summer of 2020. Our analysis examines two simultaneous movements: Black Lives Matter along with protests calling for less stringent public health measures to combat the COVID-19 (e.g., for swifter reopening of businesses). Our analysis is made possible by a unique staggered panel data set that […]

At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Israel quickly introduced aggressive social distancing measures to curb the virus spread and adapted its unemployment insurance program in response to rising unemployment rates. This study examines the relationship between household income and the experience of material hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and […]

We explore whether gritty individuals are better savers by virtue of their wealth or due to diligent choices that benefit their long-term economic health. We test these competing hypotheses by examining the ways in which grit influences how LMI tax filers report spending or saving their tax refund in the months following tax filing. We […]

Huang, J., & Guo, B. (2021). Fostering entrepreneurship among low-income individuals through financial capability (CSD Working Paper No. 21-08, submitted for publication). Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Huang, J., Sherraden, M. S., & Sherraden, M. (2021). Toward finance as a public good (CSD Working Paper No. 21-03). Washington University, Center for Social Development. https://doi.org/10.7936/p8dd-p256

The lack of socioeconomic mobility among marginalized populations leads to the concentration of poverty, a long-standing issue in American cities. Empirical studies on neighborhood effects have found that poverty concentration adversely affects the socioeconomic mobility of residents—associated with their economic well-being, employment, education, health, and safety—in lower-income neighborhoods. Through a variety of neighborhood revitalization projects, […]

Despite its name, the Housing Choice Voucher (or Section 8) program does not always offer families much choice in where to live. Jenna Hampton, SPI practicum student, calls to expand the choices available to families who want the best for themselves and their children in an editorial with Community Builders Network in St. Louis.

This study examines how demographic, financial, and intrinsic personality characteristics predict household participation in Israel’s Child Development Account (CDA) program, the Savings for Every Child Program (SECP).

Sun, S., Huang, J., Hudson, D., & Sherraden, M. (2020). Cash transfers and health (CSD Working Paper No. 20-16). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Interest among employers is growing in Employee financial wellness programs (EFWPs), a new type of benefit to address financial stress among employees. EFWPs benefits include financial counseling, small-dollar loans, and savings programs that address employees’ non-retirement financial needs. Little evidence exists concerning the availability and use of and outcomes associated with EFWPs, especially among low- and moderate-income (LMI) workers who may be in greatest need of these benefits. We present findings concerning awareness and use of EFWPs from a national survey of LMI workers (N=16,650). Availability of different EFWP benefits ranged from 11 to 15% and over a third of workers were unaware of whether their employer offered an EFWP. Experiencing financial difficulties predicted both EFWP awareness and use suggesting that employers take time to assess employees’ specific financial challenges to select benefits. Yet use of EFWPs by LMI workers may suggest the need for better compensation and work conditions.

Although financial counseling has been studied in community-based settings, programs offered in the workplace are understudied and yet may aid low- to moderate income employees in improving their financial situations. This study examines workers’ engagement in and associated credit outcomes from an employer-based financial counseling program in the New York City area. Findings suggest that participants engaged equally in services except for older and non-English speaking workers, who had lower levels of digital engagement. In-person engagement in services was minimal. Credit score improvements were modest, but greater for workers who had scores in the lowest quartile at baseline. These credit score increases may be due to the reduction of delinquent accounts for workers with the lowest baseline scores.

Tax refunds are an opportunity for Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) recipients to build emergency savings. Randomly assigned behavioral interventions in 2015 and 2016 have statistically significant impacts on refund saving take-up and amounts among EITC recipients who filed their taxes online. From a survey experiment, we also find that EITC recipients have a 49 percent and 59 percent increased likelihood of deferring 20 percent of their refunds for six months when hypothetically offered 25 and 50 percent savings matches (p < .001), respectively. These findings can inform policy development related to encouraging emergency saving at tax time.

Many U.S. households—especially those with low- to moderate-incomes (LMI)—struggle to save for retirement. To address this issue, the Department of the Treasury launched myRA, a no-fee retirement account designed primarily to help people who lacked access to employer-sponsored plans build retirement savings. In this paper, we report findings from two myRA-focused field experiments, both of which were administered to well over 100,000 LMI online tax filers before and during the 2016 tax season. The first experiment involved sending one of three different myRA-focused email messages to tax filers immediately prior to tax season, and the second experiment involved incorporating myRA-focused messages and choice architecture directly into an online tax filing platform. Messages were chosen to address different barriers to retirement savings LMI households may face. We find that, though the general level of interest in myRA was very low in this population, interest and enrollment in myRA depends heavily on the way in which the benefits of the accounts are framed. Results from both experiments indicate that messages emphasizing the possibility of receiving a larger refund in the future were the most effective at increasing interest in myRA, while messages focused around the simplicity and ease of use of the accounts were less effective. We also conduct several subsample analyses to investigate the extent to which these effects differed by key household characteristics.

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) provides substantial financial support to low-income workers, yet around a quarter of EITC payments are estimated to be erroneous or fraudulent. Beginning in 2017, the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 requires the Internal Revenue Service to spend additional time processing early EITC claims, delaying the issuance of tax refunds. Leveraging unique data, we investigate how delayed tax refunds affected the experience of hardship and unsecured debt among EITC recipients. We find that early filers experienced increased food insecurity relative to later filers after the implementation of the refund delay.

Much of the literature on household finances tends to focus on discrete or relatively objective measures like savings, debt, economic mobility, and there has been a lack of research on holistic measures of financial well-being. This gap is due in part to the absence of a common understanding of how to define and measure financial well-being; a gap that was recently addressed by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s development of a financial well-being scale. However, the research on this scale is still scarce and little is known about how financial well-being evolves over time. To that end, this paper uses a two-wave survey of low- and moderate-income tax filers to present the first longitudinal analysis of the CFPB’s financial well-being scale. Using a combination of descriptive analysis, OLS regression, and fixed effects panel regression, we assess (1) the stability of financial well-being over a six-month period; (2) the extent to which household characteristics predict volatility in financial well-being; and (3) the relationship between the experience of adverse financial events, including financial shocks and material hardships, and financial well-being. We find that financial well-being scores are extremely stable over the short-term, and that household characteristics are generally not strong predictors of financial well-being changes. We also find that, while adverse financial events like the loss of a job are significantly associated with declines in financial well-being, these changes are not large. These findings have implications for researchers and practitioners interested in using the financial well-being scale in program and policy evaluations.

Ren, C. (2020). A framework for explaining Black–White inequality in homeownership sustainability (CSD Working Paper No. 20-07). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. https://doi.org/10.7936/zryf-5d75

Bufe, S., Roll, S. P., Kondratjeva, O., Hardy, B., & Grinstein-Weiss, M. (2019). Does Savings Affect Participation in the Gig Economy? Evidence from a Tax Refund Field Experiment (SPI Working Paper 19-1). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Social Policy Institute.

Lough, B. J., Sherraden, M. S., Moore A. M., Sherraden, M., & Pritzker, S. (2017). Productive engagement early in life: Civic and volunteer service as a pathway to development (Grand Challenges for Social Work initiative Working Paper No. 23). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.

Metzger, M. W., & Khare, A. T. (2017). Fair housing and inclusive communities (Grand Challenges for Social Work initiative Working Paper No. 24). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work & Social Welfare.

Yuan, Y., & Jin, M. (2017). Financial literacy in China: Priorities and a direction (CSD Working Paper No. 17-37). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Hannon, G., Covington, M., Despard, M. R., Frank-Miller, E., & Grinstein-Weiss, M. (2017). Employee financial wellness programs: A review of the literature and directions for future research (CSD Working Paper No. 17-23). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. https://doi.org/10.7936/K7WW7H5C

Grinstein-Weiss, M., Cryder, C., Despard, M. R., Perantie, D. C., Oliphant, J. E., & Ariely, D. (2017). The role of choice architecture in promoting saving at tax time: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 17-29). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Sherraden, M., Johnson, L., Clancy, M., Beverly, S. G., Sherraden, M., Schreiner, M., … Han, C.-K. (2016). Asset building: Toward inclusive policy (CSD Working Paper No. 16-49). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Sherraden, M., CHENG, L.-C., Ssewamala, F. M., KIM, Y., Loke, V., ZOU, L., … HAN, C.-K. (2016). International Child Development Accounts (CSD Working Paper No. 16-48). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. Under review with theEncyclopedia of Social Work(Oxford University Press).

Chen, Z., & Jin, M. (2016). Financial inclusion in China: Use of credit (CSD Working Paper No. 16-24). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Rodríguez, C., & Saavedra, J. E. (2016). Nudging youth to develop savings habits: Experimental evidence using SMS messages (CSD Working Paper No. 16-19). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Stoesz, D. (2016). The excluded: An estimate of the consequences of denying Social Security to agricultural and domestic workers (CSD Working Paper No. 16-17). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Clancy, M. M., Beverly, S. G., Sherraden, M., & Huang, J. (2016). Testing universal Child Development Accounts: Financial impacts in a large social experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 16-08). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Lein, L., Romich, J. L., & Sherraden, M. (2016). Reversing extreme inequality (Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative Working Paper No. 16). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.

Sherraden, M. S., Huang, J., Frey, J. J., Birkenmaier, J., Callahan, C., Clancy, M. M., & Sherraden, M. (2015). Financial capability and asset building for all (Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative Working Paper No. 13). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.

Epperson, M. W., & Pettus-Davis, C. (2015). Smart decarceration: Guiding concepts for an era of criminal justice transformation (CSD Working Paper No. 15-53). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Rosenberg, B., & McBride, A. M. (2015). The management imperative: Displacement, dynamics, and directions forward for training social workers as managers (CSD Working Paper No. 15-41). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Lee, Y., Johnson, L. Sherraden, M., Ansong, D., Osei-Akoto, I., & Chowa, G. A. (2015). “Taking the bank to the Youth:” Impacts on saving and asset building from the Ghana YouthSave Experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 15-43). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Sherraden, M. S., Birkenmaier, J., Rochelle, M., & McClendon, G. G. (2015). Financial capability and asset building in social work education: “The big piece missing?” (CSD Working Paper No. 15-44). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Robertson, A. S., McBride, A. M., Chung, S., Williams, A., & May, V. (2015). Social and emotional learning and social work in middle school: A case study in community partnership (CSD Working Paper No. 15-39). St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis, Center for Social Development.

Rochelle, M., McClendon, G., Brackett, M., Wright, M., & Sherraden, M. S. (2015). Adopting a financial capability and asset building curriculum at historically Black colleges and universities (CSD Working Paper No. 15-36). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Mason, L. R. (2015). Environment and social development (CSD Working Paper No. 15-33). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Patterson, D. A., Perkins, J., & Van Zile-Tamsen, C. (2015). Impact of stranger violence and intimate partner violence on the grades of American Indian/Alaska Native undergraduate college students (CSD Working Paper No. 15-32). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Metzger, M. W., & Pelletiere, D. (2015). Patterns of housing voucher use revisited: Segregation and Section 8 using updated data and more precise comparison groups, 2013 (CSD Working Paper No. 15-22). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Patterson, D. A., & Butler-Barnes, S. T. (2015). Impact of the academic-social context on American Indian/Alaska Native students’ academic performance (CSD Working Paper No. 15-02). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. https://doi.org/10.7936/K7RF5TH3

Patterson, D. A., Butler-Barnes, S. T., & Van Zile-Tamsen, C. (2015). American Indian/Alaskan Native college dropout: Recommendations for increasing retention and graduation (CSD Working Paper No. 15-03). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. https://doi.org/10.7936/K7MP52SR

Pettus-Davis, C., & Epperson, M. W. (2015). From mass incarceration to smart decarceration (Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative Working Paper No. 4). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.

Morrow-Howell, N., Gonzales, E., Matz-Costa, C., & Greenfield, E. A. (2015). Increasing productive engagement in later life (Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative Working Paper No. 8). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.

Kemp, S. P., & Palinkas, L. A. (with Wong, M., Wagner, K., Reyes Mason, L., Chi, I., … Rechkemmer, A.). (2015). Strengthening the social response to the human impacts of environmental change (Grand Challenges for Social Work Initiative Working Paper No. 5). Cleveland, OH: American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare.

Nam, Y., Lee, Y., McMahon, S., & Sherraden, M. (2014). New measures of economic security and development: Savings goals for short-term and long-term economic needs (CSD Working Paper No. 14-28). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Nam, Y., Wikoff, N., & Sherraden, M. (2014). Economic intervention and parenting: A randomized experiment of statewide Child Development Accounts (CSD Working Paper No. 14-25). St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis, Center for Social Development.

Nam, Y., Hole, E., Sherraden, M., & Clancy, M. (2014). Program knowledge and savings outcomes in a Child Development Account experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 14-22). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Webber, H., & Swanstrom, T. (2014). Rebound neighborhoods in older industrial cities: The story of St. Louis (CSD Working Paper No. 14-17). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Huang, J., Kim, Y., Sherraden, M., & Clancy, M. (2014). Heterogeneous effects of Child Development Accounts on savings for children’s education (CSD Working Paper No. 14-15). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Zhan, M., & Xiang, X. (2014). Education loans and wealth building among young adults (CSD Working Paper No. 14-14). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Pawar, M. (2014). Social challenges and policy innovations by social workers in Australia (CSD Working Paper No. 14-10). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Robertson, A. S., McBride, A. M., Chung, S., & Williams, A. (2014). Motivating students through classroom-based service learning: Toward adoption and impact (CSD Working Paper No. 14-11). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Johnson, K. (2014). Rediscovering social investment in developmental welfare state policies (DWSP): Back to the future (CSD Working Paper No. 14-02). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Elliott, W., III, Grinstein-Weiss, M., & Nam, I. (2013). Does outstanding student debt reduce asset accumulation? (CSD Working Paper No. 13-32). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Pettus-Davis, C., & Epperson, M. W. (2014). From mass incarceration to smart decarceration (CSD Working Paper No. 14-31). St Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Chowa, G. A. N., & Masa, R. D. (2013). Asset ownership and academic achievement among youth in Ghana: Examining associations based on asset type and academic subject (CSD Working Paper No. 13-25). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Zhan, M., & Xiang, X. (2013). An event history analysis of educational loans and college graduation: A focus on differences by race and ethnicity (CSD Working Paper No. 13-35). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Elliott, W., III, Grinstein-Weiss, M., & Nam, I. (2013). Student debt and declining retirement savings (CSD Working Paper No. 13-34). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Elliott, W., III, Grinstein-Weiss, M., & Nam, I. (2013). Is student debt compromising homeownership as a wealth-building tool? (CSD Working Paper No. 13-33). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Zhan, M., & Lanesskog, D. (2013). The impact of family assets and debt on college graduation (CSD Working Paper No. 13-36). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Mason, L. R., Nam, Y., Clancy, M., & Sherraden, M. (2013). SEED for Oklahoma Kids: Experimental test of a policy innovation in a full population (CSD Working Paper No. 13-24). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Greenberg, D. (2012). A cost-benefit analysis of Tulsa’s IDA program: Findings from a long-term follow-up of a random assignment social experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 12-58). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Chowa, G. A. N., & Masa, R. D. (2013). The impact of asset ownership on future orientation of youth and their parents: Evidence from the YouthSave Ghana Experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 13-19). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. 

Chowa, G. A. N., Masa, R. D., Ramos, Y., & Ansong, D. (2013). How do student and school characteristics influence youth academic performance in Ghana? A hierarchical linear modeling of baseline data from the YouthSave Ghana Experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 13-16). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Chowa, G. A. N., Masa, R. D., & Tucker, J. (2013). Parental involvement’s effects on academic performance: Evidence from the YouthSave Ghana Experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 13-15). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Rothwell, D., Bhaiji, R., & Blumenthal, A. (2013). Perceived impact of Individual Development Account participation among Native Hawaiians (CSD Working Paper No. 13-01). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Zhan, M. (2013). Youth debt and college graduation: Differences by race/ethnicity (CSD Working Paper No. 13-08). St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis, Center for Social Development.

Elliott, W., III, Song, H-a., & Nam, I. (2013). Small-dollar children’s savings accounts, income, and college outcomes (CSD Working Paper No. 13-06). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development. https://doi.org/10.7936/K73N22XD

Elliott, W., III. (2013). Small-dollar children’s savings accounts and college outcomes (CSD Working Paper No. 13-05). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Elliott, W., III, & Nam, I. (2013). Reducing student loan debt through parents’ college savings (CSD Working Paper No. 13-07). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Grinstein-Weiss, M., Sherraden, M., Gale, W., Rohe, W. M., Schreiner, M., & Key, C. (2012). Effects of an Individual Development Account program on retirement saving: Follow-up evidence from a randomized experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 12-54). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Pritzker, S., Springer, M. J., & McBride, A. M. (2012). Learning to vote: Informing political participation among college students (CSD Working Paper No. 12-46). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Nam, Y., Huang, J., Heflin, C., & Sherraden, M. (2012). Racial and ethnic disparities in food insufficiency: Evidence from a statewide probability sample of White, African American, American Indian, and Hispanic infants (CSD Working Paper No. 12-45). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Huang, J., Beverly, S. G., Clancy, M., Lassar, T., & Sherraden, M. (2011). Early program enrollment in a statewide Child Development Account program (CSD Working Paper No. 11-23). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Mason, L. R., Nam, Y., & Kim, Y. (2012). Validity of infant race/ethnicity from birth certificates in the context of U.S. demographic change (CSD Working Paper No. 12-40). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Deng, S., Huang, J., Jin, M., & Sherraden, M. (2012). Household assets, school enrollment and parental aspirations for children’s education in rural China: Does gender matter? (CSD Working Paper No. 12-39). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Loke, V. (2012). Parental asset accumulation trajectories and children’s college outcomes (CSD Working Paper No. 12-33). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Beverly, S. G., Kim, Y., Sherraden, M., Nam, Y., & Clancy, M. (2014). Are Child Development Accounts inclusive? Early evidence from a statewide experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 12-30). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Lough, B. J., & Mwathi Mati, J. (2012). Volunteerism for peace in East Africa (CSD Working Paper No. 12-29). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Lough, B. J., & Sherraden, M. S. (2012). Civic service and asset building in generating livelihoods among youth in Africa (CSD Working Paper No. 12-28). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Beverly, S. (2012). Assets for independence: Asset building for and by young people (CSD Working Paper No. 12-27). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Morrow-Howell, N., Stepleton, S., & McBride, A. M. (2012). Informing policy on volunteer service through agency-based evaluations (CSD Working Paper No. 12-26). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Sherraden, M. S., Peters, C., Wagner, K., Clancy, M., & Guo, B. (2012). Contributions of qualitative research to understanding saving theory for children and youth (CSD Working Paper No. 12-23). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Chowa, G. A. N., Masa, R. D., Wretman, C. J., & Ansong, D. (2012). The impact of household possessions on youth’s academic achievement in the Ghana YouthSave experiment: A propensity score analysis (CSD Working Paper No. 12-17). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Huang, J., Nam, Y., & Sherraden, M. S. (2012). Financial knowledge and Child Development Account policy: A test of financial capability (CSD Working Paper No. 12-19). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Huang, J. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of educational attainment (CSD Working Paper No. 12-18). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Friedline, T., Elliott, W., III, & Chowa, G. (2012). Testing an asset-building approach for young people: Early access to savings predicts later savings (CSD Working Paper No. 12-12). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Zhan, M. (2012). The impact of youth debt on college graduation (CSD Working Paper No. 12-11). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Cheatham, G. A., & Elliott, W., III. (2012). The effects of college savings on postsecondary school enrollment rates of students with disabilities (CSD Working Paper No. 12-13). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Kim, Y., Sherraden, M., & Clancy, M. (2012). Parental educational expectations by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (CSD Working Paper No. 12-10). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Elliott, W., III, & Friedline, T. (2012). “You pay your share, we’ll pay our share”: The college cost burden and the role of race, income, and college assets (CSD Working Paper No. 12-09). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Webley, P., & Nyhus, E. (2012). Economic socialization, saving, and assets in European young adults (CSD Working Paper No. 12-01). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Shanks, T. R., & Robinson, C. (2012). Assets, economic opportunity, and toxic stress: A framework for understanding child and educational outcomes (CSD Working Paper No. 12-22). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Grinstein-Weiss, M., Sherraden, M., Gale, W., Rohe, W. M., Schreiner, M., & Key, C. (2012). Individual Development Accounts and post-secondary education: Evidence from a randomized experiment (CSD Working Paper No. 12-21). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.

Otto, A. (2012). Saving in childhood and adolescence: Insights from developmental psychology (CSD Working Paper No. 12-20). St. Louis, MO: Washington University, Center for Social Development.